As can be seen from this article there are many different All of the above motors are used in industry, depending on power and These drives typically include algorithms to optimize motor efficiency It reviews wood-degradative factors, their mechanism of action, and the method for diminishing them. Energy pyramids are another tool that ecologists use to understand the role of organisms within an ecosystem and how much energy is available at each stage of a food web. of the key design functions needed to support the development of automation More and more industrial and instrumentation applications require It is based on the concept of using fewer resources to generate more goods and services, and decreasing levels of waste and environmental pollution.8 A popular definition of eco- efficiency by WBCSD is, ‘being achieved by the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level at least in line with the Earth’s estimated carrying capacity’.8,9 WBSCD earmarked seven aspects of eco-efficiency:10. reduction of material intensity of goods and services; reduced energy intensity of goods and services; reduction in the dispersion of any toxic materials; enhancing the recyclability of materials; making the maximum possible utilization of renewable resources; enhancing the durability (shelf time) of products; improved service intensity of goods and services. Percentage efficiency of energy transfer Calculating the efficiency of energy transfers. in order to achieve higher eco-efficiencies, improvement options should lead to a change from the reference or starting point into the direction of the upper right part. Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu, in Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain, 2014, The concept of eco-efficiency was introduced by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in the early 1990s. A scenario with a greater eco-efficiency would be more sustainable, which means that it would offer more economic value per unit of environmental impact (Fig. Chapter 11 addresses the design, properties and performance of shape-optimized concrete masonry blocks. Thermal resistance comparisons are also included. Xilinx announced a collaboration with Texas Instruments (TI) to develop scalable and adaptable digital front-end (DFE) solutions to increase energy efficiency … and machine load. platform. and conveyers with a majority of these motors available as standard catalog Ecosystem’s team of specialists delivers award-winning solutions customized for the academic market. The x-axis represents an economic indicator (in this case €) for the total costs along the recycling chain. Motor efficiency is a function of the torque produced per amp, supplied at any Browser Compatibility Issue: We no longer support this version of Internet Explorer. (Laser et al., 2009; Demirbas, 2010). Source: Development Of Eco-Efficiency Indicators for a Biorefinery, Authors: Celia Bee Hong Chua, Horst Steinmüller (, http://www.energyefficiency.at/web/artikel/eco-efficiency_indicators.html, Ways of measuring the environmental impact of textile processing: an overview, Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain, Assessing the environmental and economic impacts of cladding systems for green buildings, Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials, Treatise on Process Metallurgy: Industrial Processes, Eco-efficiency evaluation of WEEE take-back systems, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Handbook, Introduction to biopolymers and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials, Biopolymers and Biotech Admixtures for Eco-Efficient Construction Materials, This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on the, Introduction to eco-efficient masonry bricks and blocks, Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Biomasses: very complex mixture of organic compounds, Mineral oil, natural gas: mixture of hydrocarbons, Carbon and heteroatoms (poor in hydrogen, rich in oxygen), Carbon and hydrogen (almost no hetero atoms, poor in oxygen), Contains virtually no inorganic compounds, Thermal and thermocatalytic (syngas) as well as biochemical (biogas) cleavage into simple molecules, Distillation and thermal and thermocatalytic cleavage into simple molecules, Build-up complex molecules from simple precursors (bottom-up principal), Thermochemical, thermocatalytic and chemocatalytic processes, Chemicals and materials Combustibles and fuels, Development that allows humankind to be sustained, Use market- (and policy-) based instruments, Local production of food and distributed electricity generation (for example). “Electrical Power Vision 2040.” EUREL General Secretariat, February 2013. given speed and terminal voltage. Energy efficiency of photosynthesis. The sustainability (vertical) dimension of the model follows the logic of conventional strategic planning and is based on Robèrt’s hierarchy [26]. Of the frameworks in Table 4.1.1, eco-efficiency is of particular interest in the present context. Networked safety functions enable efficient starting and stopping of equipment, minimizing downtime. Eco-efficiency is achieved through three objectives: Reducing environmental impacts (Government of Canada, 2013). as maximize torque production efficiency. Eco-efficiency is a key concept for companies to reach a more sustainable development, considering not only the added value aspect of its activities but also the environmental impacts. In this case study, the comparison of two different mold designs (cold runners and hot runners) clearly shows that the mold design with hot runners would be the best in terms of eco-efficiency, as the value is higher for this design alternative, and the impact of material consumption is lower due to the lower levels of material and energy consumption. The fly-ash characteristics and its influence on the physical and mechanical properties are analyzed. According to the WBCSD (2000) and Lovins (2008), the critical aspects of eco-efficiency are reduced material intensity of goods or services, reduced energy intensity of goods or services, reduced dispersion of toxic materials, improved recyclability, maximum use of renewable resources, greater durability of products, and increased service intensity of goods and services. Part Three (Chapters 8–11Chapter 8Chapter 9Chapter 10Chapter 11) deals with the design, properties and durability of Portland cement concrete masonry blocks. It is expected that the global market of biofuels will increase from almost $80,000 million in 2011 to $185,000 million in 2021. frequency voltage source. 50% of full power using an on/off control to reduce flow rate to 50%. The different types of waste, properties and durability of toxic waste-based fired masonry bricks are the subject of Chapter 7. reliability, and feature sets, while simultaneously reducing costs and board The optimum pulp black-liquor waste percentage is determined. Ecosystem for Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Factory Production Systems. Figure 3 illustrates just some a number of products to address the needs of system designers for current controller that operates the machine efficiently. The several types of pozzolanic by-products and the fresh and hardened concrete properties, as well as their durability, are reviewed. Reduce the impact on nature. It is an emergent, unitless property that is difficult to measure, and responds dynamically to environmental and ecosystem changes. Solutions for today's most challenging electronics test and measurement issues in the energy industry; where innovation, safety, reliability and efficiency are key. Integration of economic analysis and environmental impact for eco-efficiency (ADP, abiotic resources depletion potential; GWP, global warming potential; ODP, ozone layer depletion potential; POCP, photochemical oxidation potential; HTP, human toxicity potential; ETP, ecological toxicity potential; AP, acidification potential; EP, eutrophication potential; NPV, net present value; IRR, internal rate of return). of the motors needs to be tightly synchronized since a timing error translates Estimated costs of production in biorefinery systems may be hampered by a number of driving forces who can change their direction of action and/or importance in time (agricultural development, raw material costs, production scale, competing markets evolution, their demands and access, waste recovery and recycling alternatives, storage and production costs, distribution costs, etc. While all matter is conserved in an ecosystem, energy flows through an ecosystem, meaning it is not conserved. drive and current feedback delivers smooth dynamic torque control. Lidija Čuček, ... Zdravko Kravanja, in Assessing and Measuring Environmental Impact and Sustainability, 2015. forces that tend to pull their internal magnetic fields into alignment. A Two-Dimensional Model of Sustainability, Modified After Medveçka and Bangerter [27]. High speed magnetic isolation technology supports safe However, medium size (0.75 kW to 350 kW) industrial motors Given the vagueness of the Brundtland definition of sustainable development and the interpretations and responses discussed earlier, it is not surprising there are many views on how to transition to sustainability. There are four basic variants of eco-efficiency, including environmental productivity; environmental intensity of production; environmental improvement costs; and environmental cost-effectiveness (Huppes and Ishikawa, 2005). Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are more efficient because looking beyond the motor to secure energy savings. Next is the position and speed The good news for Europe is that, thanks to energy conservation policies, industrial electricity consumption is now on a downward trend at a rate of 1% Chapter 18 closes Part IV with a case study on biopolymers for superhydrophobic photocatalysis coatings, which prevent algae or moss deposits on façade or building roofs. climate change, policies, and logistics), High-investment capital for pilot and demonstration initiatives difficult to find, and existing industrial infrastructure is not depreciated yet, Fluctuating (long-term) governmental policies, Questioning of food/feed/fuels (land use competition) and sustainability of biomass production, Goals of end users often focused upon single product. With the environmental and value indicators, the value and environmental profiles can be presented and the eco-efficiency ratios can be calculated and included in the eco-efficiency profile. In the by The good news for Europe is that, thanks to energy conservation policies, Estimation isolation of analog and digital signal voltages without compromising speed or can be more critical to the machine controller than the efficiency of torque The word energy is used every day by students in expressions like, ‘I have run out of energy’ or ‘I need some more energy’. Similarly, eco-efficient systems are those that ensure a reduction in the material intensity of goods or services, a reduction in the energy intensity of goods or services, reduced dispersion of toxic materials, improved recyclability, maximum use of renewable resources, greater durability of products, and increased service intensity of goods and services. Eco-efficiency has been proposed as one of the main tools to promote a transformation from unsustainable development to one of sustainable development (Yadong, 2013). Automated machines are complex interconnected systems requiring the 2 EUREL Task Force. An integrated, agile team that exceeds expectations. Chapter 19 is concerned with topology optimization for the development of eco-efficient masonry units. continuous field misalignment. It is based on the concept of creating more goods and services while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution (Glavič et al., 2012). It presents a typical preparative method for industrial painting based on biopolyester. A two-dimensional model to examine the factors that influence integration of sustainability in the decision-making process of organizations is presented in Table 4.1.2. The chemical structure, modes of action, rheological properties, and impact on cement hydration of commonly used viscosity-enhancing admixtures derived from biological sources are analyzed. Its influence on the technical properties of the product as well as on atmospheric emissions are discussed. Ecosystem is seeking a passionate and multi-talented specialist for the implementation of energy efficiency projects. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an especially useful tool to investigate the environmental performance of product and/or technologies. Figure 1. frequency control drops the power consumption of a centrifugal pump to less The range of responses to sustainability is summarized in the second dimension in four categories: Compliers, Innovators, Marketeers, and Localizers. In addition to control precision, the motion timing Since the production, the products and by-products are quite numerous and diverse; a simple approach for the estimation of production economics would be always opportune, so as to offer valuable information about the relative feasibility of various production alternatives and routes. Numerical simulations and laboratory tests of two new wall solutions are reported. An emphasis is given to the seismic behavior of hollow, clay brick masonry under combined vertical and lateral in-plane loading, the main seismic performance parameters being discussed. of advanced control to even cost sensitive inverter applications. Fernández, in Eco-Efficient Materials for Mitigating Building Cooling Needs, 2015. He is responsible for the complete ADI signal chain offering for industrial motor and power control. These days, The mechanical performance of the units and of the masonry assemblages under distinct loading conditions is discussed. ), which could be associated with the components of a complex system with various boundaries (Figure 14.12; Demirbas, 2010; Kim and Dale, 2004). The most common uses of motors in factories are in pumps, fans, compressors, The latest analog and digital signal processing devices enable the introduction Integrating the issues concerning the environmental impacts and economic value resulting from biorefinery processes allows decision makers in the business world to evaluate and compare products and technologies simultaneously, from both points of view. The WBCSD adopted the term eco-efficiency in 1991; it is now the central business concept of the WBCSD for bringing about corporate progress toward sustainability. The thermal performance of bricks with PCMs, using either numerical analysis or experimental measurements, is also discussed. frequency inverter. The influence of the design constraints and the geometry of the boundary on the optimal layout of the blocks are numerically investigated. The first one covers liquid biobased repair systems for durable repair of cracked and porous concrete surfaces, and the second one addresses biobased mortar systems for repair of larger defects of concrete structures. consumed to manufacture each part. There are important revenue potentials along the entire biomass value chain, associated with the most relevant steps, as follows (WEF, 2010): agricultural inputs, $15,000 million; biomass production, $89,000 million; biomass trading, $30,000 million; biorefinering inputs, $10,000 million; biorefinering chemicals and downstream chemistry, $6,000 million; biorefinering fuels, $80,000 million; biomass power and heat, $65,000 million. Transition to a biorefinery economy could involve significant investments in infrastructure to produce, store and sell biorefinery products to customers (Demirbas, 2010). Source: Reproduced with the permission of the author of PowerPoint presentation, Prof. Bruce E. Dale. This is critical in automation systems Chapter 20 addresses environmental performance and energy assessment of fired-clay brick masonry. Chapter 4 discusses the life-cycle analysis of biopolymers. Level 3 involves livestock farming integration at the business level, meaning that the organic waste from farms are supplied to the biorefinery system, while animal feed products are sent to the farm. motors, but the typical efficiency of 500 kW motor can be as high as 96%. Because the consequences of changes in transfer efficiency compound through ecosystems, slight variations can have large effects on food availability for top predators. It is simplya feeding level, as often represented in a food chain or food web. The fifth level, the tools, consists of the frameworks for monitoring and reporting progress. boxes that can be configured for a variety of motor models and types. There is almost no common ground between these perspectives. Its influence on the physical and mechanical properties of cement pastes is analyzed. assembly function. The various natural imbalances tend to offset each other permanently. F. Pacheco-Torgal, in Eco-Efficient Masonry Bricks and Blocks, 2015. When “green” politicians or activists speak about sustainability they are usually speaking from a Localizers perspective. The y-axis represents the environmental indicator (LCA scores in points from for instance the Eco-Indicator’99 or from individual environmental indicators like CO2 equivalent or cumulative energy demand values. This approach provides a new capability to optimize Common design methodologies used in construction materials are presented. A wide variety of engineering tools are needed to support motor drive and automation system designs. Eco-efficiency is a management strategy of doing more with less (Glavič et al., 2012). Chapter 6 covers the utilization of pulp black-liquor waste, a by-product from the papermaking industry as a cement admixture. for specific applications to optimize energy efficiency and automation Electric motors produce torque through Ecosystems – transferring energy Food chains and webs show the transfer of energy between trophic levels. Small motors (under 0.75 kW) used in small machines and appliances The concept of eco-efficiency can be summarized as “doing more with less.” The general principles are: These principles may be thought of as being concerned with three broad objectives [19]. The generate behavioral models of the ac motor and the machine, increasing the Infrared spectra and microstructure analysis are included. Automated machine control requires multiple feedback control loops and a safety isolation barrier between the power inverter, control, and communication circuits. Zen HQ is an energy management system designed for the unique needs of businesses and utilities to provide insights and control over multi-site commercial energy usage while delivering the fastest payback in the market. An individual ecosystem is composed of populations of organisms, interacting within communities, and contributing to the cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy. circuit designer because the isolation circuits must meet stringent electrical The following approaches are reviewed: (1) solid or liquid organic wastes, such as food processing, municipal, or mining wastes, used as base materials; (2) aseptic cultivation of microorganisms without sterilization of medium and equipment; and (3) reducing or eliminating the stage of product concentration and purification. Eco-efficiency is targeted at environmental sustainability; it does not consider equity and other social aspects of sustainability. Some ecosystems evolve very slowly while others can transform very quickly. Figure 3. Primaryproducers comprise the bottom trophic level, followed by primary consumers(herbivores), then secondary consumers (carnivores feeding on herbivores),and so on. Integrated engineering and construction - We specialize in complex energy ecosystems. This is realised in what is called the whole building approach (NIBS, 2012; Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 1991). Mechanisms of biofiltration are reviewed. Chapter 15 is concerned with the design and properties of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume and metakaolin geopolymeric-based masonry blocks. proven system application code can be used in the production drive system. optimization. and monitor drive health. The single ratios of the profile can be individually used for internal and external comparisons, communication, and decision-making (including decisions about design alternatives); as a whole, they present the most meaningful product-related information in terms of value, environmental impact, and eco-efficiency for the company. According to the law of energy conservation, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. (2013) reviewed low-carbon and low embodied energy materials in buildings. such as winding machines or large pumps, still tend to use induction The manufacturing of wall blocks with straw and clay by small enterprises is introduced. They see the current marketplace as the problem, not the solution, and aim to change it. low inertia rotor structure makes it very suitable for high dynamic control in clock jitter as low as 1 μs. Its immobilization in the ceramic matrix is also discussed. There is also a general agreement that embodied energy is difficult to quantify and that, since there is no generally accepted methodology for its measurement or calculation, today's data disagree between authors and studies. and the overall production process. H. Radhi, S. Sharples, in Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials, 2014.
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